Preheat the oven to 425°F. Coat a 9x13, broiler-safe, deep baking dish with nonstick cooking spray.
In a large pot, bring 12 cups of water to a boil. Slowly whisk in stoneground grits. Reduce the heat and allow to simmer, stirring often. Simmer for 20-25 minutes, until liquid has absorbed and the grits are tender. Remove from heat and stir in parsley.
In a large skillet, over medium heat, thoroughly brown the sausage, for 6-8 minutes. Once cooked, remove sausage from the skillet and transfer it to a paper towel-lined plate.
In the same skillet, add olive oil, onions, and bell peppers. Cook, stirring occasionally, until vegetables are tender, approximately 10 minutes. Stir in garlic, fennel, and red pepper flakes. Cook for 1 minute. Add wine and simmer until thickened, approximately 4-6 minutes. Add tomatoes and return cooked sausage to skillet, combine well with existing ingredients.
Spread half the grits across the bottom of the baking dish. Evenly layer the sausage mixture on top of grits, and sprinkle with 1 cup of the grated provolone cheese. Top with remaining grits, and then layer with remaining provolone cheese.
Bake until heated throughout, approximately 15 minutes. Switch oven to broil mode. Broil 6 inches from the heat source, until golden brown, approximately 4 minutes.